Here is something really interesting I came across.....
A theory (see below which is basically saying that things that are easily understood and processed are experienced as pleasurable. We like simple harmonious things because they are easy to process. Hmmmm. food for thought....
Order vs. Chaos.
What
we individually experience as beauty is informed by our thoughts and
preconceptions of beauty so it can inborn (evolutionary) or
familiar/culture specific (acquired/ trained into our brains).
Surprise
sensation have a strong effect: The less we expect in the perceived
object and with greater easy that we perceive it the more we enjoy it
and the more it affects us.
Certain
dynamics are perceived as beautiful because of our upbringing and
biological evolution, the more complex the patterns and out
understanding the less easily we perceive it as beautiful.
Simple
harmonic designs and symmetry are more easily understood immediately by
the brain and therefore complex design is more harder to perceive and
understand easily and is thus less beautiful.
So beauty is how we perceive a stimulus and what experience the effect has on us.
" In this theory, beauty is seen as an experience that has nothing to do
with artistic merit: Beautiful works of art may be without any merit
whereas good art is not necessarily beautiful."
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Processing fluency theory of aesthetic pleasure
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The
processing fluency theory of aesthetic pleasure[1] is a theory in psychological aesthetics on how people experience
beauty.
Processing fluency is the ease with which information is processed in the human mind. The
theory is based on four basic assumptions:
- Objects differ in the fluency with which they can be processed.
Variables that facilitate fluent processing include objective features
of stimuli, like goodness of form, symmetry, figure-ground contrast, as
well as experience with a stimulus, for example repeated exposure or
prototypicality.
- Processing fluency is itself hedonically marked (that is, it
possesses an inherent affective quality) and high fluency is
subjectively experienced as positive.[2]
- In line with the "feelings-as-information" account,[3]
processing fluency feeds into judgments of aesthetic appreciation
because people draw on their subjective experience in making evaluative
judgments, unless the informational value of the experience is called
into question.
- The impact of fluency is moderated by expectations and attribution.
On one hand, fluency has a particularly strong impact on affective
experience if its source is unknown and fluent processing comes as a
surprise. On the other hand, the fluency-based affective experience is
discounted as a source of relevant information when the perceiver
attributes the experience to an irrelevant source. This helps explain
the inverted U-shaped function often found in research on the effect of
complexity on preferences:[4]
very complex patterns are not judged as beautiful because they are
disfluent, and patterns are judged as more beautiful when they become
less complex. When viewers perceive a simple pattern, they are often
able to detect the source of fluency—the pattern's simplicity—and do not
use this experience of ease for judging the beauty of the pattern.
The processing fluency theory of aesthetic pleasure emphasizes the
interaction between the viewer and an object in that it integrates
theories and a wide range of empirical evidence that focus on effects of
objective stimulus attributes on perceived beauty
[5] with those that emphasize the role of experience, for example by invoking prototypicality.
[6]
In this theory, beauty is seen as an experience that has nothing to do
with artistic merit: Beautiful works of art may be without any merit
whereas good art is not necessarily beautiful.
The theory resolves the apparent paradox of inborn and acquired
preferences. For instance, infants prefer consonant melodies. According
to the fluency account, this is because infants share perceptual
equipment that make them process consonance in music more easily than
dissonance. When children grow up, they are exposed to the music of
their culture, resulting in culture-specific musical fluency. This
familiarization explains why individuals from different cultures have
different musical tastes. In addition, the theory helps explain why
beauty (in a wide sense; perhaps the term
elegance is more apt) is a cue for truth in mathematical problem solving and scientific discovery.
[7][8]
The theory and its implications have influenced theory and research in the psychology of
perception,
[9] cognitive psychology,
[10] social psychology,
[11] empirical
aesthetics,
[12] web design,
[13] marketing,
[14][15] finance,
[16] and
archeology.
[17]
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References
- ^ Reber, R., Schwarz, N., Winkielman, P.: "Processing fluency and aesthetic pleasure: Is beauty in the perceiver's processing experience?", Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8(4):364-382.
- ^ Winkielman,
P., Schwarz, N., Fazendeiro, T., & Reber, R. (2003). The hedonic
marking of processing fluency: Implications for evaluative judgment. In
J. Musch & K. C. Klauer (Eds.), The Psychology of Evaluation: Affective Processes in Cognition and Emotion. (pp. 189-217). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- ^ Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. L. (2007). Feelings and phenomenal experiences. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social Psychology: Handbook of basic principles (2nd ed., pp. 385-407). New York: Guilford.
- ^ Berlyne, D. E. (1971). Aesthetics and psychobiology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
- ^ Birkhoff, G. D. (1933). Aesthetic measure. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- ^ Martindale, C., & Moore, K. (1988). Priming, prototypicality, and preference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 14, 661–670.
- ^ Schwarz, N. (2006). On judgments of truth & beauty. Daedalus, 135, 136–138.
- ^ Reber, R. Brun, M., & Mitterndorfer, K. (2008). The use of heuristics in intuitive mathematical judgment. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15, 1174-1178.
- ^ Topolinski , S. (2010). Moving the eye of the beholder: Motor components in vision determine aesthetic preference. Psychological Science, 21, 1220-1224.
- ^ Opacic, T., Stevens, C., & Tillmann, B. (2009). Unspoken knowledge: Implicit learning of structured human dance movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 35, 1570–1577.
- ^ Rubin,
M., Paolinia, S., & Crisp, R. J. (2010). A processing fluency
explanation of bias against migrants. Journal of Experimental Social
Psychology, 46, 21–28.[View]
- ^ Plumhoff, J. E. & Schirillo, J. A. (2009). Mondrian, Eye Movements, and the Oblique Effect. Perception, 38, 719–731.
- ^ Thielsch, M. T., & Hirschfeld, G. (2010). High and low spatial frequencies in website evaluations. Ergonomics, 53, 972-978.
- ^ Lee, A. Y., & Labroo, A. A. (2004). The Effect of Conceptual and Perceptual Fluency on Brand Evaluation. Journal of Marketing Research, 41 (2004): 151–165.
- ^ Labroo,
A. A., Dhar, R., & Schwarz, N. (2008). Of frogs, wines, and
frowning watches: Semantic priming, perceptual fluency, and brand
evaluation. Journal of Consumer Research, 34, 819-831.
- ^ Alter, A. L.; Oppenheimer, D. M. (May 2, 2006), Predicting short-term stock fluctuations by using processing fluency, pp. 4
- ^ Hodgson, D. (2009). Symmetry and humans: reply to Mithen's 'Sexy Handaxe Theory'. Antiquity, 83, 195-198.
Further reading
- Gazzaniga, M. S. (2008). Human: The Science Behind What Makes Us Unique. New York: Ecco Books, Harper Collins.
- Song, S., & Schwarz, N. (2010, February). If it's easy to read,
it's easy to do, pretty, good, and true: fluency effects on judgment,
choice, and processing style. The Psychologist, 23, 108-111. [1]